cpu/cortexm_common: introduce cpu_jump_to_image()

This new function allows to jump to another execution
environment (VTOR) located at a certain (aligned) address.
It's used to boot firmwares at another location than
`CPU_FLASH_BASE`.

The user needs to ensure that the CPU using this feature
is able to be initialised at least twice while jumping
to the RIOT `reset_handler_default` function, since it
initialises the CPU again (calls cpu_init()).

Co-authored-by: Kaspar Schleiser <kaspar@schleiser.de>