cpu/stm32_common: Do not use USEMODULE to select i2c implem

`cpu/stm32_common/Makefile.dep` was never included by the global
`Makefile.dep`, so declaring this `USEMODULE +=` here was never shown to
the build system and never exported as `MODULE_PERIPH_I2C_X` variables.

In fact, `USEMODULE` was only used to trigger the `periph.mk`/`SUBMODULES`
mechanism to add matching source files names to `SRC` and so select
the implementation for each CPU type.

It is replaced by just explicitly selecting the right source file.